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Breakthroughs Blog

Breakthroughs Blog

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Breakthroughs brings you stories of bright ideas and bold innovations in global health.

PATH/Enoch Kavindele Jr
November 18, 2024

Research Roundup: Rising malaria resistance, Point-of-care influenza test, Pre-extensively drug-resistant TB treatment

In this regular feature on Breakthroughs, we highlight some of the most interesting reads in global health research from the past week.

Written by Hannah Sachs-Wetstone / GHTC
Read time:
Interested in more global health innovation news? Every week GHTC scours media reports worldwide to deliver essential global health R&D news and content to your inbox. Sign up now to receive our weekly R&D News Roundup email. A study published last week and presented at the American Society of Tropical Medicine & Hygiene’s (ASTMH’s) annual meeting found that the malaria parasite is acquiring partial resistance to artemisinin, a key drug used to treat children with severe malaria, meaning that infection takes longer to clear and is not always being completely cleared by the drug. The researchers found partial resistance to the drug in 11 of the 100 children treated in the study, with 10 patients “cured” of severe malaria having a resurgence of the same strain within a month of the original infection, implying that the first treatment did not fully eliminate the parasite. More studies are needed to determine how widespread artemisinin resistance is in Africa. Still, the findings underscore the need for novel or alternative drugs to be used in the treatment of severe malariaThe US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has awarded Alveo Technologies a contract to develop a molecular assay to detect and differentiate the H5 subtype of avian influenza A from seasonable influenza A and B viruses in humans, as the ongoing spread of H5N1 in animals across the United States raises concerns about a new pandemic as regular flu season looms. Currently, only CDC and US state and jurisdictional public health labs have access to CDC’s molecular test to detect the H5 strain of influenza A, which could lead to delays in diagnosis or treatment if we start to see transmission between humans. Decentralized testing capabilities at the point of care will be needed to ensure any spread between humans is detected and controlled quickly to avoid another pandemic, as well as to reduce the burden on centralized laboratories.  Last week, the endTB consortium announced the completion of the endTB-Q trial, the first Phase 3 randomized controlled trial to exclusively enroll people with pre-extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (pre-XDR-TB), with preliminary results demonstrating that a shorter, less toxic treatment strategy of four drugs achieved high cure rates overall, especially in those with non-severe cases of TB disease. Pre-XDR-TB has historically been treated with toxic regimens that last up to two years, are hard to tolerate, and are not very effective. This study tested a personalized medicine strategy, with disease severity and early treatment response used to decide between a six- or nine-month treatment regimen. The study included participants from India, Kazakhstan, Lesotho, Pakistan, Peru, and Vietnam.

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PATH/Enoch Kavindele Jr
November 18, 2024

Research Roundup: Rising malaria resistance, Point-of-care influenza test, Pre-extensively drug-resistant TB treatment

In this regular feature on Breakthroughs, we highlight some of the most interesting reads in global health research from the past week.

Written by Hannah Sachs-Wetstone / GHTC
Read time:
Interested in more global health innovation news? Every week GHTC scours media reports worldwide to deliver essential global health R&D news and content to your inbox. Sign up now to receive our weekly R&D News Roundup email. A study published last week and presented at the American Society of Tropical Medicine & Hygiene’s (ASTMH’s) annual meeting found that the malaria parasite is acquiring partial resistance to artemisinin, a key drug used to treat children with severe malaria, meaning that infection takes longer to clear and is not always being completely cleared by the drug. The researchers found partial resistance to the drug in 11 of the 100 children treated in the study, with 10 patients “cured” of severe malaria having a resurgence of the same strain within a month of the original infection, implying that the first treatment did not fully eliminate the parasite. More studies are needed to determine how widespread artemisinin resistance is in Africa. Still, the findings underscore the need for novel or alternative drugs to be used in the treatment of severe malariaThe US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has awarded Alveo Technologies a contract to develop a molecular assay to detect and differentiate the H5 subtype of avian influenza A from seasonable influenza A and B viruses in humans, as the ongoing spread of H5N1 in animals across the United States raises concerns about a new pandemic as regular flu season looms. Currently, only CDC and US state and jurisdictional public health labs have access to CDC’s molecular test to detect the H5 strain of influenza A, which could lead to delays in diagnosis or treatment if we start to see transmission between humans. Decentralized testing capabilities at the point of care will be needed to ensure any spread between humans is detected and controlled quickly to avoid another pandemic, as well as to reduce the burden on centralized laboratories.  Last week, the endTB consortium announced the completion of the endTB-Q trial, the first Phase 3 randomized controlled trial to exclusively enroll people with pre-extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (pre-XDR-TB), with preliminary results demonstrating that a shorter, less toxic treatment strategy of four drugs achieved high cure rates overall, especially in those with non-severe cases of TB disease. Pre-XDR-TB has historically been treated with toxic regimens that last up to two years, are hard to tolerate, and are not very effective. This study tested a personalized medicine strategy, with disease severity and early treatment response used to decide between a six- or nine-month treatment regimen. The study included participants from India, Kazakhstan, Lesotho, Pakistan, Peru, and Vietnam.
USAID/Alex Kamweru
November 11, 2024

Research Roundup: First-of-its-kind mpox vaccine trial, New treatment-resistant malaria drug, Genetically modified mosquitos

In this regular feature on Breakthroughs, we highlight some of the most interesting reads in global health research from the past week.

Written by Hannah Sachs-Wetstone / GHTC
Read time:
Interested in more global health innovation news? Every week GHTC scours media reports worldwide to deliver essential global health R&D news and content to your inbox. Sign up now to receive our weekly R&D News Roundup email. A new, first-of-its-kind trial will assess the safety and immunogenicity of Bavarian Nordic’s MVA-BN mpox vaccine in pregnant and breastfeeding women and infants under two years old, two populations at risk of severe complications from mpox but not currently eligible for vaccination. MVA-BN is the only vaccine for mpox prequalified by the World Health Organization and is currently approved for healthy adults and adolescents, but additional data from this trial could help expand access for additional key populations amid the ongoing mpox outbreak. The trial, which will start early next year, is jointly funded by the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI) and Global Health EDCTP3.Researchers from the University of Glasgow have developed a new drug that could help combat the spread of treatment-resistant malaria, as the disease continues to kill more than 600,000 people every year and Plasmodium falciparum, a mosquito vector that spreads malaria, grows increasingly resistant to artemisinin, the frontline malaria treatment. The drug, adapted from a cancer treatment approach, works by permanently disabling a protein that P. falciparum uses to duplicate itself in humans. The researchers behind the drug think it could be more effective than current drugs at all stages of malaria infection, potentially with only one dose.A research team from the University of California, Santa Barbara has found a way to potentially reduce the spread of mosquito-borne diseases by disrupting male mosquitoes’ ability to hear, which is essential for them to mate and breed. Male mosquitoes rely on the sound of female mosquitoes’ wingbeats in order to find and mate with them. By altering a genetic pathway that male mosquitoes use for hearing, the researchers were able to stop them mating entirely, preventing female mosquitoes, the ones that spread diseases to humans, from having babies and reducing overall mosquito populations. Specifically, the researchers studied Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, which spread diseases including dengue, yellow fever, and Zika.
PATH/Enoch Kavindele Jr.
November 4, 2024

Research Roundup: Noninvasive malaria test, Mpox vaccine trial for kids, Novel class of antimicrobial agents

In this regular feature on Breakthroughs, we highlight some of the most interesting reads in global health research from the past week.

Written by Hannah Sachs-Wetstone / GHTC
Read time:
Interested in more global health innovation news? Every week GHTC scours media reports worldwide to deliver essential global health R&D news and content to your inbox. Sign up now to receive our weekly R&D News Roundup email. Recently published research found that a new, noninvasive test for malaria could provide a more reliable, safer, quicker, and more sensitive diagnostic option in low- and middle-income countries. The Cytophone, a tabletop printer-sized device, uses targeted lasers and ultrasound to detect malaria-infected cells in the bloodstream via a small, noninvasive probe placed on the back of a person’s hand. Malaria-infected red blood cells accumulate a by-product with unique properties that can be distinguished from normal red blood cells when they pass through a laser. The test, which provides results within minutes, was found to be as good or better at detecting symptomatic Plasmodium falciparum malaria infections than the current gold standard point-of-care methods for malaria testing, which require blood samples and special laboratory equipment. The next phase of testing the device will also investigate whether the device can detect and distinguish between other species.Last Tuesday, Bavarian Nordic announced the start of a clinical study of the MVA-BN® mpox/smallpox vaccine in children between 2 and 11 years old, who are highly vulnerable to infection during the ongoing mpox emergency. The study, which currently has sites in the Democratic Republic of Congo and plans to include sites in Uganda as well, is investigating the safety and immunogenicity of the vaccine in children compared to adults. Last month, the World Health Organization prequalified the vaccine for adolescents between 12 and 17 years old, following the European Medicines Agency’s approval for this age group. Results from the new trial could support an extension of the current approval.Researchers have identified a novel class of antimicrobial agents known as encrypted peptides that play a key role in the immune system’s response to bacterial infections, opening up new possibilities for combating drug-resistant infections as antimicrobial resistance continues to grow as a global health threat. The immune system is traditionally thought to rely primarily on proteins explicitly linked to immune functions, but this new research reveals that other structural proteins contribute to antimicrobial defenses. Leveraging the immune system’s natural defenses through these non-immune proteins could allow researchers to develop effective antibiotic therapies less prone to resistance.
USAID IMPACT-MED
October 28, 2024

Research Roundup: New antibody platform, POC malaria test, Mpox test emergency approval

In this regular feature on Breakthroughs, we highlight some of the most interesting reads in global health research from the past week.

Written by Hannah Sachs-Wetstone / GHTC
Read time:
Interested in more global health innovation news? Every week GHTC scours media reports worldwide to deliver essential global health R&D news and content to your inbox. Sign up now to receive our weekly R&D News Roundup email. Scientists at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and research partners have developed an innovative antibody platform to tackle viruses like SARS-CoV-2 (the virus that causes COVID-19) that can rapidly evolve and render vaccines and treatments ineffective. The platform uses engineered nanobodies to simultaneously target multiple stable regions of the virus that are less likely to mutate, making it harder for resistance to develop. While most therapeutic antibodies target only a single viral site and can lose effectiveness within a year as viruses evolve, this platform has the potential to offer a more durable, resilient defense against these tricky viruses. It could also be potentially adapted to target other pathogens. In lab tests and experiments in mice, the platform was able to effectively target a range of variants of the SARS-CoV-2 virus and even the closely related SARS-CoV virus. A new research project led by researchers at the Barcelona Institute for Global Health and Columbia University aims to develop a lateral flow test for diagnosing malaria at the point of care that would also enable health care workers to determine the severity of the disease and decide whether a course of treatment is necessary. While some patients with uncomplicated malaria can be treated at home, malaria can also rapidly progress and require more complicated treatment in a health care setting. Lateral flow tests for malaria diagnosis exist, but parasite counting using microscopy is needed to determine severity and that cannot be done at the point of care. The researchers, who hope to have a validated prototype by the fall of 2026, are looking to develop a portable, paper-based assay that uses a smartphone and can deliver results within minutes.   Last Monday, Roche announced that its mpox assay, Cobas MPXV, has been listed under the World Health Organization’s (WHO’s) Emergency Use Listing procedure, a designation that aims to accelerate the availability of and access to the test during the current global mpox emergency. The automated real-time PCR-based test detects DNA from the virus that causes mpox using a dual-target approach and previously received Emergency Use Authorization from the US Food and Drug Administration in 2022. Earlier this month, Abbot’s mpox test was also listed on the Emergency Use Listing procedure following a call by WHO for manufacturers to submit expressions of interest back in August.